nursing
A. insulin shock
Basic 1.Konsep
Kalenjar hormone insulin is produced by the pancreas in our body, the hormone insulin produced by our bodies, also known as the term endogenous insulin.
Insulin shock is where levels of excess insulin in the body and cause Hypoglycemia (a condition where blood sugar / glucose is abnormally low).
Hypoglycemia can be caused by:
1) Disposal of excess insulin by the pancreas
2) The dose of insulin or other drugs that are too high, which is given to diabetics to lower blood sugar levels
3) Abnormalities of the pituitary gland or adrenal gland
Four) Kelaian on carbohydrate storage or the formation of glucose in the liver.
In general, hipogklikemia can be categorized as
associated with the drug and who is not related to drugs:
Hypoglycemia Most cases occur in people with diabetes mellitus and is associated with the drug.
Hypoglycemia is not associated with the drug can be further subdivided into:
Hypoglycemia due to fasting, which occurs after fasting hypoglycemia
Reactive hypoglycemia, which Hypoglycemia occurs as a reaction to food, usually carbohydrates.
2.Patofisiologi
Hypoglycemia most often caused by insulin or other medications (sulfonylurea) given to patients with diabetes to lower blood sugar levels. If the dose is higher than the food you eat too much of this medicine can lower blood sugar levels.
Diabetes sufferers have chronic severe Hypoglycemia is very sensitive to weight. This occurs because of pancreatic island cells do not form a normal glucagon and epinephrine kelanjar adrenal does not produce normally. Though both of these is the main mechanism to overcome the body's blood sugar levels low.
Pentamidine is used to treat pneumonia can also cause Hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia sometimes occurs in patients with mental disorders who secretly use insulin or hypoglycemic medication for herself.
Consumption of alcohol in large quantities without eating for a long time can cause Hypoglycemia severe enough to cause stupor (decreased awareness of the real but not yet reached the full loss of consciousness).
Strenuous exercise for long periods on healthy people also cause Hypoglycemia.
Fasting Hypoglycemia can lead to long only if there are other diseases (especially the pituitary gland disease or adrenal glands). Carbohydrate reserves in the liver could be decreased gradually so the body can not maintain an adequate blood sugar levels.
In people who have heart disorders, several hours of fasting can cause Hypoglycemia.
Infants and children who have abnormal liver enzyme systems that metabolize sugars Hypoglycemia may develop between the hours eating.
Someone who had undergone gastric surgery may develop hypoglycemia between the hours eating (Hypoglycemia Alimenter, one type of Reactive Hypoglycemia).
At first the body respond to low blood sugar levels with melepasakan epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal gland and some nerve endings. Epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose from the reserves of the body but also cause symptoms resembling anxiety attack (sweating, anxiety, tremor, fainting, palpitations and sometimes hunger).
More severe hypoglycemia resulted in a decline of glucose to the brain and cause dizziness, confusion, fatigue, weakness, headache, unusual behavior, inability to concentrate, impaired vision, convulsions and coma.
Prolonged hypoglycaemia which can cause permanent brain damage. Symptoms that resemble anxiety and disorders of brain function can occur gradually or suddenly. This most often occurs in people taking insulin or per-oral hypoglycemic drugs. In patients with insulin-producing pancreatic tumor, the symptoms occurred on the morning after fasting all night, especially if the reserves run out because the blood sugar exercise before breakfast. At first only occurred Hypoglycemia attack at any time, but gradually more frequent attacks and more severe.
Insulin Injection
3.Lokasi
Each body part is covered with loose skin that can be used as a place of insulin injections, including the abdomen, thighs, upper arms, waist and outer quadrant of the buttocks. In general, insulin is more rapidly absorbed from the upper body such as the deltoid and abdominal than from the thighs and buttocks.
American Diabetes Association recommend that insulin be injected in one area the same for one week with the distance of each injection of 1 ½ inches (one hand knuckles) by injection of insulin in the sub cutan or just below the skin layer.
Insulin Injection Side
4.Efek Use
1) Redness and itching at the injection site.
2) allergic reaction mulain mild, moderate, to severe. Mild symptoms such as swelling, itching or redness at the injection site. Severe symptoms include a rapid pulse rate, blood pressure falls, the entire body reddish, breathing becomes difficult. If patients experience severe symptoms, contact your doctor immediately.
3) Interactions with other drugs. When using the insulin along with other drugs needs to be class of drugs which can increase or lower blood sugar levels. Women who use contraceptive drugs also need to adjust the dose of insulin.
B. thyroid goiter
Basic
1.Konsep thyroid gland
Thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body and is very rich in blood vessels. Has two lobes that are located on the right side of the trachea was tied together by the network and trans-tracheal thyroid in the front .. Thyroid gland weight varies between 20-30 grams, an average of 25 gr.
Is a gland located in front of the neck down, attached to the wall of the larynx. As the effect of hormones produced by The anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland can produce hormones thyroxine.
Thyroid structure consists of a large number of vesicle-vesicle bounded by epithelium slilinder, united by connective tissue. Remove cells that are attached to a liquid fiber that is: koloidae thyroid iodine compound containing substances through the lymph channels.
2.Function thyroid gland:
1) works as a stimulant oxidation process
2) regulate the use of oxidation
3) adjust expenditure carbondioksida
4) Metabolic pengeaturan his / her case in the chemical composition of tissue
5) in children affecting mental and physical development
Thyroid goiter 3.Patofisiologi
Is a large swelling or lump on the front side of the neck (the throat) and occurs due to the growth of thyroid abnormalities. Enlarged thyroid gland which can be used to bump that are local to the swelling on both sides of the thyroid gland.
4.Cause
Many causes of Goitre although most cases are not known for certain, but most commonly because of lack of iodine intake in daily diet. Thyroid enlargement can also be caused by the influence of these areas of endemism, genetic, infection, inflammation, puberty, pregnancy, and the incidence of autoimmune Graves' disease.
5.Potential Regional as a disease endemic goitre
Uplands and mountains
Areas with low economic level
6.Epidiemiologi
Reported in the year 2009, the United States found cases of goiter in a number of more than 250,000 patients. According to WHO, Indonesia itself is a country that is categorized endemic goiter incidence. This disease occurs predominantly in women than men. Goitre is generally 95% of cases are benign (benign), the remaining 5% of cases likely to be malignant (malignant).
7.sign & symptoms
Goiter is usually found without any complaints. Symptoms generally appear in the form of reduced weight, rapid fatigue, sweating a lot, can not stand the heat, difficulty sleeping, easily agitated and confused, disturbance characteristic of the eye, sometimes diarrhea, infertility, baldness and hand tremors. Emergencies that may threaten life (causing death) and need help immediately arises is if difficulty in breathing, palpitations, high fever until the decline in consciousness. This enlargement of the thyroid gland can inhibit physical growth, puberty and disrupt the process of intellectual development in children and adolescents, up to disrupt a woman's menstrual pattern.
8.Handling
Routine health check to your doctor.
Iodine in food to the daily nutrients, such as consuming iodized salt.Good nutritious diet and regular exercise.Avoiding unhealthy lifestyles and risky. Comply with the advice of a doctor and drink regularly prescribed medication (anti-tirod and radioactive iodine).
Last treatment option is surgery if there is any indication.
by : nursing
Print this pageA. insulin shock
Basic 1.Konsep
Kalenjar hormone insulin is produced by the pancreas in our body, the hormone insulin produced by our bodies, also known as the term endogenous insulin.
Insulin shock is where levels of excess insulin in the body and cause Hypoglycemia (a condition where blood sugar / glucose is abnormally low).
Hypoglycemia can be caused by:
1) Disposal of excess insulin by the pancreas
2) The dose of insulin or other drugs that are too high, which is given to diabetics to lower blood sugar levels
3) Abnormalities of the pituitary gland or adrenal gland
Four) Kelaian on carbohydrate storage or the formation of glucose in the liver.
In general, hipogklikemia can be categorized as
associated with the drug and who is not related to drugs:
Hypoglycemia Most cases occur in people with diabetes mellitus and is associated with the drug.
Hypoglycemia is not associated with the drug can be further subdivided into:
Hypoglycemia due to fasting, which occurs after fasting hypoglycemia
Reactive hypoglycemia, which Hypoglycemia occurs as a reaction to food, usually carbohydrates.
2.Patofisiologi
Hypoglycemia most often caused by insulin or other medications (sulfonylurea) given to patients with diabetes to lower blood sugar levels. If the dose is higher than the food you eat too much of this medicine can lower blood sugar levels.
Diabetes sufferers have chronic severe Hypoglycemia is very sensitive to weight. This occurs because of pancreatic island cells do not form a normal glucagon and epinephrine kelanjar adrenal does not produce normally. Though both of these is the main mechanism to overcome the body's blood sugar levels low.
Pentamidine is used to treat pneumonia can also cause Hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia sometimes occurs in patients with mental disorders who secretly use insulin or hypoglycemic medication for herself.
Consumption of alcohol in large quantities without eating for a long time can cause Hypoglycemia severe enough to cause stupor (decreased awareness of the real but not yet reached the full loss of consciousness).
Strenuous exercise for long periods on healthy people also cause Hypoglycemia.
Fasting Hypoglycemia can lead to long only if there are other diseases (especially the pituitary gland disease or adrenal glands). Carbohydrate reserves in the liver could be decreased gradually so the body can not maintain an adequate blood sugar levels.
In people who have heart disorders, several hours of fasting can cause Hypoglycemia.
Infants and children who have abnormal liver enzyme systems that metabolize sugars Hypoglycemia may develop between the hours eating.
Someone who had undergone gastric surgery may develop hypoglycemia between the hours eating (Hypoglycemia Alimenter, one type of Reactive Hypoglycemia).
At first the body respond to low blood sugar levels with melepasakan epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal gland and some nerve endings. Epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose from the reserves of the body but also cause symptoms resembling anxiety attack (sweating, anxiety, tremor, fainting, palpitations and sometimes hunger).
More severe hypoglycemia resulted in a decline of glucose to the brain and cause dizziness, confusion, fatigue, weakness, headache, unusual behavior, inability to concentrate, impaired vision, convulsions and coma.
Prolonged hypoglycaemia which can cause permanent brain damage. Symptoms that resemble anxiety and disorders of brain function can occur gradually or suddenly. This most often occurs in people taking insulin or per-oral hypoglycemic drugs. In patients with insulin-producing pancreatic tumor, the symptoms occurred on the morning after fasting all night, especially if the reserves run out because the blood sugar exercise before breakfast. At first only occurred Hypoglycemia attack at any time, but gradually more frequent attacks and more severe.
Insulin Injection
3.Lokasi
Each body part is covered with loose skin that can be used as a place of insulin injections, including the abdomen, thighs, upper arms, waist and outer quadrant of the buttocks. In general, insulin is more rapidly absorbed from the upper body such as the deltoid and abdominal than from the thighs and buttocks.
American Diabetes Association recommend that insulin be injected in one area the same for one week with the distance of each injection of 1 ½ inches (one hand knuckles) by injection of insulin in the sub cutan or just below the skin layer.
Insulin Injection Side
4.Efek Use
1) Redness and itching at the injection site.
2) allergic reaction mulain mild, moderate, to severe. Mild symptoms such as swelling, itching or redness at the injection site. Severe symptoms include a rapid pulse rate, blood pressure falls, the entire body reddish, breathing becomes difficult. If patients experience severe symptoms, contact your doctor immediately.
3) Interactions with other drugs. When using the insulin along with other drugs needs to be class of drugs which can increase or lower blood sugar levels. Women who use contraceptive drugs also need to adjust the dose of insulin.
B. thyroid goiter
Basic
1.Konsep thyroid gland
Thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body and is very rich in blood vessels. Has two lobes that are located on the right side of the trachea was tied together by the network and trans-tracheal thyroid in the front .. Thyroid gland weight varies between 20-30 grams, an average of 25 gr.
Is a gland located in front of the neck down, attached to the wall of the larynx. As the effect of hormones produced by The anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland can produce hormones thyroxine.
Thyroid structure consists of a large number of vesicle-vesicle bounded by epithelium slilinder, united by connective tissue. Remove cells that are attached to a liquid fiber that is: koloidae thyroid iodine compound containing substances through the lymph channels.
2.Function thyroid gland:
1) works as a stimulant oxidation process
2) regulate the use of oxidation
3) adjust expenditure carbondioksida
4) Metabolic pengeaturan his / her case in the chemical composition of tissue
5) in children affecting mental and physical development
Thyroid goiter 3.Patofisiologi
Is a large swelling or lump on the front side of the neck (the throat) and occurs due to the growth of thyroid abnormalities. Enlarged thyroid gland which can be used to bump that are local to the swelling on both sides of the thyroid gland.
4.Cause
Many causes of Goitre although most cases are not known for certain, but most commonly because of lack of iodine intake in daily diet. Thyroid enlargement can also be caused by the influence of these areas of endemism, genetic, infection, inflammation, puberty, pregnancy, and the incidence of autoimmune Graves' disease.
5.Potential Regional as a disease endemic goitre
Uplands and mountains
Areas with low economic level
6.Epidiemiologi
Reported in the year 2009, the United States found cases of goiter in a number of more than 250,000 patients. According to WHO, Indonesia itself is a country that is categorized endemic goiter incidence. This disease occurs predominantly in women than men. Goitre is generally 95% of cases are benign (benign), the remaining 5% of cases likely to be malignant (malignant).
7.sign & symptoms
Goiter is usually found without any complaints. Symptoms generally appear in the form of reduced weight, rapid fatigue, sweating a lot, can not stand the heat, difficulty sleeping, easily agitated and confused, disturbance characteristic of the eye, sometimes diarrhea, infertility, baldness and hand tremors. Emergencies that may threaten life (causing death) and need help immediately arises is if difficulty in breathing, palpitations, high fever until the decline in consciousness. This enlargement of the thyroid gland can inhibit physical growth, puberty and disrupt the process of intellectual development in children and adolescents, up to disrupt a woman's menstrual pattern.
8.Handling
Routine health check to your doctor.
Iodine in food to the daily nutrients, such as consuming iodized salt.Good nutritious diet and regular exercise.Avoiding unhealthy lifestyles and risky. Comply with the advice of a doctor and drink regularly prescribed medication (anti-tirod and radioactive iodine).
Last treatment option is surgery if there is any indication.
by : nursing